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Canine Tick-Borne Disease Reference (Lyme, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, RMSF, Babesia)

Reference for the most common canine tick-borne diseases - vectors, signs, diagnostics, and first-line treatment.

Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

AspectDetails
Vector / regionIxodes ticks; NE & upper MW US, EU
Clinical signsShifting lameness, fever, lymphadenopathy; protein-losing nephropathy ("Lyme nephritis")
DiagnosisSNAP 4Dx (C6 antibody); confirm with quantitative C6 + UPC ratio
TreatmentDoxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q24h × 30 days

Anaplasmosis (A. phagocytophilum)

AspectDetails
Vector / regionIxodes ticks; NE & upper MW US, EU
Clinical signsFever, lethargy, polyarthritis, thrombocytopenia
DiagnosisSNAP 4Dx; morulae in granulocytes on smear
TreatmentDoxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days

Ehrlichiosis (E. canis)

AspectDetails
Vector / regionRhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick); S US, tropics
Clinical signsAcute: fever, thrombocytopenia. Chronic: pancytopenia, bleeding, ocular lesions
DiagnosisSNAP 4Dx; IFA titer; PCR
TreatmentDoxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days (acute); longer for chronic

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (R. rickettsii)

AspectDetails
Vector / regionDermacentor & Rhipicephalus ticks; Americas
Clinical signsHigh fever, vasculitis, petechiae, neurological signs
DiagnosisClinical signs + paired IFA titers (4× rise)
TreatmentDoxycycline 5–10 mg/kg PO/IV q12h × 14 days. START EMPIRICALLY if suspected.

Babesiosis (Babesia spp.)

AspectDetails
Vector / regionRhipicephalus; transfusion; bite wounds (B. gibsoni in Pit Bulls)
Clinical signsHaemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice
DiagnosisBlood smear (intra-erythrocytic organisms); PCR for species
TreatmentImidocarb (B. canis); atovaquone + azithromycin (B. gibsoni)

A positive SNAP 4Dx indicates exposure, not necessarily active disease. Doxycycline is empirical first-line for most tick-borne diseases - treat suspect cases promptly, confirm later.

Frequently asked questions

A positive SNAP 4Dx means active disease?

No - it indicates exposure. A positive Lyme C6 in an asymptomatic dog in an endemic area is common and doesn't require treatment unless there's proteinuria (UPC > 0.5) or clinical signs. Quantitative C6 and UPC ratio help triage.

Is doxycycline the right empirical choice for tick-borne disease?

Yes for Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Lyme - any tetracycline works but doxycycline is the standard at 10 mg/kg PO q24h for 28-30 days. Babesia is the exception - needs imidocarb or atovaquone-azithromycin.

When should I treat empirically before test results?

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - mortality climbs without prompt doxycycline. Suspected anaplasmosis with fever + thrombocytopenia in endemic area. Suspected ehrlichiosis with pancytopenia. Don't wait for IFA / PCR results in any of these.

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