Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs
A condition of insulin deficiency requiring lifelong insulin therapy in almost all diagnosed dogs, unlike the diabetic remission sometimes seen in cats.
Overview
Canine diabetes mellitus is most commonly insulin-deficient, meaning the pancreas produces little to no insulin. It typically requires twice-daily insulin injections for life, alongside consistent diet and monitoring.
Clinical signs
- Polyuria and polydipsia
- Polyphagia with concurrent weight loss
- Lethargy
- Cataract development, which is a common and fairly specific complication in diabetic dogs
- In advanced or untreated cases: vomiting, lethargy, and acetone-scented breath consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis
Diagnosis
- Persistent fasting hyperglycemia together with glucosuria
- Fructosamine to assess average blood glucose control over the prior 1-3 weeks and help rule out stress hyperglycemia
- Screening for concurrent conditions (e.g., pancreatitis, Cushing's disease) that can complicate regulation
Treatment
- Twice-daily insulin injections, with the specific insulin type selected by the vet
- A consistent diet and feeding schedule timed around insulin administration
- Blood glucose curves or continuous glucose monitoring to guide dose adjustments
- Identifying and managing any concurrent condition interfering with regulation
Prognosis
Good long-term prognosis with consistent owner compliance, monitoring, and management of concurrent conditions. Cataracts are a common complication but are generally correctable with surgery.
This page is general reference information for educational purposes. It is not a substitute for an individual clinical assessment, current formulary guidance, or the judgment of a licensed veterinarian treating a specific patient.
Frequently asked questions
Can diabetes in dogs go into remission like it sometimes does in cats?
It is uncommon. Most diabetic dogs have permanent insulin deficiency and require lifelong insulin therapy, unlike cats, where diabetic remission is more frequently seen.
Why do diabetic dogs commonly develop cataracts?
Persistently high blood sugar causes sugar to accumulate in the lens of the eye, drawing in water and clouding the lens. This is a very common complication and can often be corrected surgically once the dog is stable.