Periodontal Disease in Dogs
The most common clinical condition seen in adult dogs, caused by plaque and tartar accumulation that progressively damages the tissues supporting the teeth.
Overview
Periodontal disease progresses from gingivitis to loss of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone supporting the teeth. Small-breed dogs are disproportionately affected due to dental crowding. Most disease occurs below the gumline and is not visible on an awake oral exam.
Clinical signs
- Halitosis (bad breath)
- Visible tartar/calculus buildup
- Gingival recession or bleeding
- Loose or missing teeth
- Reluctance to eat hard food or chew toys, or pawing at the face
Diagnosis
- Oral exam under general anesthesia
- Full-mouth dental radiographs - essential, since most periodontal disease is below the gumline and invisible on visual exam alone
- Periodontal probing to assess pocket depth and attachment loss
Treatment
- Professional dental cleaning (scaling and polishing) under general anesthesia
- Extraction of teeth with advanced, unsalvageable periodontal disease
- Home dental care going forward: brushing, dental diets or chews, and water additives to slow plaque accumulation
Prognosis
Good with appropriate treatment and consistent home care. Untreated periodontal disease progresses over time and has been associated with effects beyond the mouth.
This page is general reference information for educational purposes. It is not a substitute for an individual clinical assessment, current formulary guidance, or the judgment of a licensed veterinarian treating a specific patient.
Frequently asked questions
Why does my dog need anesthesia just for a dental cleaning?
Anesthesia allows a thorough cleaning above and below the gumline and full-mouth X-rays, which can't safely or accurately be done in an awake dog. Most periodontal disease is invisible without X-rays, so this step is essential, not optional.
Are small dogs really more prone to dental disease?
Yes - small breeds often have the same number of teeth as larger dogs in a smaller jaw, causing crowding that traps plaque and accelerates periodontal disease.