Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
A developmental orthopedic condition, most common in medium, large, and giant breeds, where the hip joint fails to develop and fit together normally.
Overview
Hip dysplasia occurs when the femoral head and acetabulum don't develop a properly congruent fit, leading to joint laxity that progresses to secondary osteoarthritis over time. It has both genetic and environmental components, including growth rate, body condition, and exercise during puppyhood.
Clinical signs
- Difficulty rising or reluctance to jump/climb stairs
- Exercise intolerance
- A "bunny-hopping" hind-limb gait
- Hind-limb lameness, worse after exercise or rest
- Decreased hip range of motion and hind-limb muscle atrophy
Diagnosis
- Physical exam, including assessment for the Ortolani sign of joint laxity
- Hip radiographs using a standard ventrodorsal hip-extended view
- PennHIP radiographic method for a more sensitive, quantified measure of joint laxity, particularly useful in young dogs
Treatment
- Weight management and controlled, low-impact exercise
- NSAIDs or other pain management as needed
- Joint supplements and, in some cases, physical rehabilitation
- Surgical options for appropriate candidates: triple pelvic osteotomy in young dogs without arthritis, femoral head and neck excision, or total hip replacement
Prognosis
Many dogs are managed successfully long-term with conservative (non-surgical) management, particularly with good weight control. Surgical candidates, when appropriately selected, generally have excellent outcomes.
This page is general reference information for educational purposes. It is not a substitute for an individual clinical assessment, current formulary guidance, or the judgment of a licensed veterinarian treating a specific patient.
Frequently asked questions
At what age can hip dysplasia be diagnosed?
Joint laxity can sometimes be detected as early as 4 months old using specialized methods like PennHIP. Standard hip-extended radiographs are typically most reliable once growth has slowed, though a vet can assess suspicious clinical signs at any age.
Does hip dysplasia always require surgery?
No. Many dogs, especially those with mild to moderate disease, are managed well with weight control, exercise modification, and pain management. Surgery is generally reserved for dogs with significant pain or disability despite conservative management.