Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (Bloat) in Dogs
A life-threatening emergency in which the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself, most common in large and giant breed, deep-chested dogs.
Overview
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) occurs when the stomach distends with gas and rotates on its axis, cutting off blood supply and trapping stomach contents. It progresses rapidly and is fatal without immediate treatment.
Clinical signs
- Sudden onset of a distended, drum-like (tympanic) abdomen
- Non-productive retching - repeated attempts to vomit with nothing coming up
- Restlessness and pacing
- Excessive drooling
- Rapid progression to collapse and shock
Diagnosis
- Clinical presentation and history are often highly suggestive on their own
- Abdominal radiographs to confirm the diagnosis and distinguish simple gastric dilatation from a volvulus (twist)
Treatment
- Immediate stabilization with IV fluids and decompression of the stomach
- Emergency surgery to untwist the stomach and perform a gastropexy, tacking the stomach to the body wall to prevent recurrence
Prognosis
Guarded to good with immediate treatment, but this condition can be rapidly fatal without prompt intervention. Even with successful surgery, some dogs develop serious complications. A prophylactic gastropexy is often recommended for at-risk breeds, sometimes performed at the same time as a spay or neuter.
This page is general reference information for educational purposes. It is not a substitute for an individual clinical assessment, current formulary guidance, or the judgment of a licensed veterinarian treating a specific patient.
Frequently asked questions
How fast does bloat progress?
Very fast - a dog can go from appearing fine to being in shock within a matter of hours. This is why any suspicion of bloat warrants immediate emergency care rather than a wait-and-see approach.
Does a gastropexy guarantee my dog will never bloat again?
A gastropexy prevents the stomach from twisting (volvulus), which is the most dangerous part of this condition, but the stomach can still distend with gas. It significantly reduces the life-threatening risk even if it doesn't eliminate gastric dilatation entirely.